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The hidden stories of species, adaptation and survival

Wild Systems

Wild systems are the invisible threads that hold a landscape together: the predators and the pollinators, the raptors and the rare, each shaping the others in ways we are only beginning to understand.

These are the stories of the species that make the Cape and its wild places whole: the Black Harrier, Africa's rarest raptor; the ancient secretarybird; the southernmost elephants on Earth; the cheetah learning to run wild again; the painted wild dogs; the lions returning to the fynbos; and the ephemeral orchids that flower once and vanish.

If you have a story the world should know, let me tell it for you.

SPECIES RECOVERY · RAPTOR CONSERVATION

The Rarest Wing

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Southern Africa's rarest, endemic bird of prey spends most of its life unseen, hunting low over the fynbos it depends on. More often sensed than seen, the Black Harrier nests on the ground and disappears back into the landscape before it can properly be studied.

Fewer than 1,000 mature individuals remain, and the population is still declining as agriculture, invasive vegetation and urban expansion continue to erode its habitat. This is the story of that elusiveness, and the satellite tracking now helping researchers understand what it will take to secure its future.

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Pencil illustration of a black harrier

Fact file

Black Harrier

Circus maurus

Genus Circus · Accipitridae

Endangered

Habitat
Fynbos, coastal plains and montane grassland of south-western South Africa; nests in tall ground vegetation

Key facts

  • A southern African near-endemic with the most restricted range of the world's 13 harrier species, centred on the Fynbos Biome of south-western South Africa.
  • One of Africa's rarest raptors: fewer than 1,000 mature individuals and under 500 breeding pairs remain, and the population is still declining.
  • Its primary prey is the four-striped mouse; coastal birds take more birds, while inland Karoo populations take fewer mammals due to heat-reduced activity.
  • Thought to have lost up to half of its core breeding habitat over the last century to cereal agriculture, invasive alien vegetation and urbanisation.
RangeSouth-western South Africa

SPECIES RECOVERY · RAPTOR CONSERVATION

Where the Secretarybird Walks

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Most raptors hunt from the sky. The Secretarybird hunts on foot, walking open grasslands on crane-like legs and killing snakes and other prey with a stamping kick powerful enough to strike with five times its own body weight.

Uplisted to Endangered in 2020 as its grassland habitat continues to fragment, the species is now the focus of ongoing research with HawkWatch International into its movements, breeding and territory, which for a single pair can span up to 50 km². This is the story of a bird that seems to belong as much to the ground as it does to the sky.

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Fact file

Secretarybird

Sagittarius serpentarius

Genus Sagittarius · Sagittariidae

Endangered

Habitat
Open grasslands, savanna and shrubland across sub-Saharan Africa; favours grass under 0.5 m, avoiding dense vegetation and desert
Lifespan
10–15 years in the wild; up to about 19 years in captivity

Key facts

  • A large terrestrial raptor that hunts on foot, stalking prey across grassland rather than diving, an eagle-like head and body on crane-like legs, standing about 1.3 m tall.
  • It kills snakes and other prey by stamping: a trained male struck with a force equal to five times its own body weight, with a contact time of just 10–15 milliseconds.
  • Uplisted from Vulnerable to Endangered by the IUCN in 2020 after evidence of severe, widespread declines across its sub-Saharan range.
  • It appears on South Africa's coat of arms (adopted 2000), where its snake-killing habit symbolises the protection of the state.
RangeSub-Saharan Africa

REWILDING · ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY

Southernmost Giants

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For more than a hundred and fifty years, no elephant walked this part of the Southern Cape. Today, a free-roaming breeding herd, the southernmost in the world, moves once again through fynbos-covered valleys where their ancestors once did.

Their return is doing more than restoring a single species. As they wallow, browse and disperse seeds through their dung, elephants are reshaping the landscape itself, opening habitat for everything from dung beetles to amphibians. This is the story of a decade spent watching that return unfold at Gondwana, season by season.

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Fact file

African Bush Elephant

Loxodonta africana

Genus Loxodonta · Elephantidae

Endangered

Habitat
Diverse sub-Saharan habitats, savanna grassland, woodland, forest, wetland and farmland, from sea level to mountain slopes
Lifespan
Up to 70–75 years in the wild

Key facts

  • The largest living land animal: adult bulls stand roughly 3.0–3.4 m at the shoulder and weigh about 5.2–6.9 tonnes.
  • Both sexes grow ivory tusks throughout life; the longest recorded tusk measured 3.51 m and weighed 117 kg, the trait that drives the poaching crisis.
  • Herds are matriarchal: a family unit is led by the oldest female, who guides the group to food and water and coordinates cooperative care of calves.
  • Assessed for the first time as a species separate from the forest elephant in 2021 and listed as Endangered, with over 60% of the savanna population estimated lost since 1965.
RangeSub-Saharan Africa

BOTANICAL DIVERSITY | THE FLORAL KINGDOM

The Botanical Heart of Gondwana

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Long before the elephants, lions and cheetahs, there were the plants. Gondwana sits within the Cape Floristic Region, one of the richest botanical kingdoms on Earth, home to more than 9,000 plant species, most found nowhere else.

More than 1,200 plant species have been recorded across the reserve, over 50 of them threatened with extinction, including Gladiolus roseovenosus, a Critically Endangered geophyte with fewer than 200 plants left in the wild. This is fifteen years spent photographing that botanical richness alongside Gondwana's conservation team, telling the story of the reserve's least celebrated residents.

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REWILDING · SPECIES RECOVERY

Where Speed Meets Fynbos

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Cheetahs are built for speed, but their return to the fynbos of the Southern Cape is really a story about place. Once absent from this landscape, they now move through mountain valleys and open plains far removed from the savanna most associate them with, and cubs are being born here for the first time in generations.

Years of observing these cats has revealed something beyond the famous chase: male cheetahs often form lifelong coalitions, hunting and defending territory together through cooperation rather than competition. This is the story of a Vulnerable species finding, once again, a landscape large enough to let it belong.

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Fact file

Cheetah

Acinonyx jubatus

Genus Acinonyx · Felidae

Vulnerable

Habitat
Open and semi-open landscapes, savanna, grassland and arid scrub; in southern Africa most range falls outside protected areas
Lifespan
Up to about 14 years in the wild

Key facts

  • The fastest land animal, capable of running at roughly 93–104 km/h in short bursts.
  • Globally Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, with only about 6,500 mature individuals remaining across roughly 9% of its historic range.
  • Around 77% of its current range lies outside protected areas, so most cheetahs live alongside people and livestock, driving human–wildlife conflict.
  • Two subspecies, the Asiatic and North-west African cheetah, are separately listed as Critically Endangered.
RangeSouthern & East Africa

SPECIES RECOVERY · SOCIAL PREDATORS

The Painted Pack

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No two African wild dogs share the same coat pattern, each animal marked in its own combination of black, gold, white and russet, as individual as a fingerprint. What holds them together isn't appearance but an intricate social language of calls, posture and touch that makes the pack function as one.

Photographed across the red earth of Madikwe, one of Africa's most endangered large carnivores can travel 30 to 50 kilometres in a single day, bound by trust rather than hierarchy. This is the story of a predator whose real strength was never speed or size, but belonging.

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Fact file

African Wild Dog

Lycaon pictus

Genus Lycaon · Canidae

Endangered

Habitat
Savanna, open plains and arid zones across Southern and East Africa; avoids dense forest, favouring open country for long-distance pursuit
Lifespan
Around 10–11 years in the wild

Key facts

  • Endangered on the IUCN Red List: fewer than ~7,000 remain and only around 1,400 are mature individuals, in just ~8.5% of their former range, with strongholds in Southern and East Africa.
  • One of Africa's most efficient large predators, cooperative pack hunts have very high success rates, far exceeding those of lions or leopards per chase.
  • Every individual carries a unique, asymmetrical mottled coat of black, tan and white, so no two dogs are marked alike, the basis of the name pictus ('painted').
  • Packs decide when to set off on a hunt by 'sneeze voting': the more dogs sneeze, the more likely the hunt, with subordinates needing more sneezes than the dominant pair.
  • Unusually among social carnivores, males stay in their birth pack while females disperse; pups get first access at a kill and adults regurgitate food to share.
RangeSouthern & East Africa

REWILDING · PREDATOR ECOLOGY

The Fynbos Lions

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Lions are usually pictured on open plains, hunting by sight and speed across the horizon. In the fynbos of the Southern Cape, they've had to relearn almost everything, trading long chases for patience, ambush and the cover of dense vegetation a lion can vanish into within a few steps.

More than a decade spent following one pride here has revealed how much of that skill is taught, not instinctive, passed from mother to cub through observation and play. This is the story of a Vulnerable species rediscovering an older, more complicated way of belonging to a landscape.

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Fact file

Lion

Panthera leo

Genus Panthera · Felidae

Vulnerable

Habitat
Grassy plains, savanna, open woodland and riverine scrub across sub-Saharan Africa (plus a remnant Asiatic population in India); rarely enters closed forest
Lifespan
Around 12–17 years in the wild

Key facts

  • Assessed as Vulnerable globally, reflecting an estimated ~34% range decline over roughly the last three generations; the southern subspecies (P. l. melanochaita) is Vulnerable while the northern subspecies is Endangered.
  • The only truly social cat, lions live in prides of related females, their cubs and a coalition of males, a family structure found in no other wild felid.
  • A male's mane is a fitness signal: darker, fuller manes correlate with higher reproductive success and longer tenure holding a pride.
  • A lion's roar can carry up to about 8 km, used to advertise territory and locate pride members.
  • Lionesses do most of the hunting in coordinated group efforts; southern African males are among the largest, at roughly 186–225 kg.
RangeSub-Saharan Africa (+ remnant Asiatic population)

BOTANICAL STORIES · EPHEMERAL

Ephemeral

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Some of the Western Cape's rarest orchids spend years dormant beneath the soil, waiting for the exact combination of rain and season before flowering for only a few days. Over five years, this self-published photographic book followed those brief, easily missed appearances across the fynbos and renosterveld.

Ephemeral is part natural history study, part poetry, and part reflection on what it means to notice something before it disappears again. This is the story of the Cape's most overlooked botanical treasures, and the patience it takes to find them.

Read the Full Story

Species fact files

Pencil illustration of a black harrier

Fact file

Black Harrier

Circus maurus

Genus Circus · Accipitridae

Endangered

Habitat
Fynbos, coastal plains and montane grassland of south-western South Africa; nests in tall ground vegetation

Key facts

  • A southern African near-endemic with the most restricted range of the world's 13 harrier species, centred on the Fynbos Biome of south-western South Africa.
  • One of Africa's rarest raptors: fewer than 1,000 mature individuals and under 500 breeding pairs remain, and the population is still declining.
  • Its primary prey is the four-striped mouse; coastal birds take more birds, while inland Karoo populations take fewer mammals due to heat-reduced activity.
  • Thought to have lost up to half of its core breeding habitat over the last century to cereal agriculture, invasive alien vegetation and urbanisation.
RangeSouth-western South Africa

Fact file

Secretarybird

Sagittarius serpentarius

Genus Sagittarius · Sagittariidae

Endangered

Habitat
Open grasslands, savanna and shrubland across sub-Saharan Africa; favours grass under 0.5 m, avoiding dense vegetation and desert
Lifespan
10–15 years in the wild; up to about 19 years in captivity

Key facts

  • A large terrestrial raptor that hunts on foot, stalking prey across grassland rather than diving, an eagle-like head and body on crane-like legs, standing about 1.3 m tall.
  • It kills snakes and other prey by stamping: a trained male struck with a force equal to five times its own body weight, with a contact time of just 10–15 milliseconds.
  • Uplisted from Vulnerable to Endangered by the IUCN in 2020 after evidence of severe, widespread declines across its sub-Saharan range.
  • It appears on South Africa's coat of arms (adopted 2000), where its snake-killing habit symbolises the protection of the state.
RangeSub-Saharan Africa

Fact file

African Bush Elephant

Loxodonta africana

Genus Loxodonta · Elephantidae

Endangered

Habitat
Diverse sub-Saharan habitats, savanna grassland, woodland, forest, wetland and farmland, from sea level to mountain slopes
Lifespan
Up to 70–75 years in the wild

Key facts

  • The largest living land animal: adult bulls stand roughly 3.0–3.4 m at the shoulder and weigh about 5.2–6.9 tonnes.
  • Both sexes grow ivory tusks throughout life; the longest recorded tusk measured 3.51 m and weighed 117 kg, the trait that drives the poaching crisis.
  • Herds are matriarchal: a family unit is led by the oldest female, who guides the group to food and water and coordinates cooperative care of calves.
  • Assessed for the first time as a species separate from the forest elephant in 2021 and listed as Endangered, with over 60% of the savanna population estimated lost since 1965.
RangeSub-Saharan Africa

Fact file

Cheetah

Acinonyx jubatus

Genus Acinonyx · Felidae

Vulnerable

Habitat
Open and semi-open landscapes, savanna, grassland and arid scrub; in southern Africa most range falls outside protected areas
Lifespan
Up to about 14 years in the wild

Key facts

  • The fastest land animal, capable of running at roughly 93–104 km/h in short bursts.
  • Globally Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, with only about 6,500 mature individuals remaining across roughly 9% of its historic range.
  • Around 77% of its current range lies outside protected areas, so most cheetahs live alongside people and livestock, driving human–wildlife conflict.
  • Two subspecies, the Asiatic and North-west African cheetah, are separately listed as Critically Endangered.
RangeSouthern & East Africa

Fact file

African Wild Dog

Lycaon pictus

Genus Lycaon · Canidae

Endangered

Habitat
Savanna, open plains and arid zones across Southern and East Africa; avoids dense forest, favouring open country for long-distance pursuit
Lifespan
Around 10–11 years in the wild

Key facts

  • Endangered on the IUCN Red List: fewer than ~7,000 remain and only around 1,400 are mature individuals, in just ~8.5% of their former range, with strongholds in Southern and East Africa.
  • One of Africa's most efficient large predators, cooperative pack hunts have very high success rates, far exceeding those of lions or leopards per chase.
  • Every individual carries a unique, asymmetrical mottled coat of black, tan and white, so no two dogs are marked alike, the basis of the name pictus ('painted').
  • Packs decide when to set off on a hunt by 'sneeze voting': the more dogs sneeze, the more likely the hunt, with subordinates needing more sneezes than the dominant pair.
  • Unusually among social carnivores, males stay in their birth pack while females disperse; pups get first access at a kill and adults regurgitate food to share.
RangeSouthern & East Africa

Fact file

Lion

Panthera leo

Genus Panthera · Felidae

Vulnerable

Habitat
Grassy plains, savanna, open woodland and riverine scrub across sub-Saharan Africa (plus a remnant Asiatic population in India); rarely enters closed forest
Lifespan
Around 12–17 years in the wild

Key facts

  • Assessed as Vulnerable globally, reflecting an estimated ~34% range decline over roughly the last three generations; the southern subspecies (P. l. melanochaita) is Vulnerable while the northern subspecies is Endangered.
  • The only truly social cat, lions live in prides of related females, their cubs and a coalition of males, a family structure found in no other wild felid.
  • A male's mane is a fitness signal: darker, fuller manes correlate with higher reproductive success and longer tenure holding a pride.
  • A lion's roar can carry up to about 8 km, used to advertise territory and locate pride members.
  • Lionesses do most of the hunting in coordinated group efforts; southern African males are among the largest, at roughly 186–225 kg.
RangeSub-Saharan Africa (+ remnant Asiatic population)